Overview
Endocrinology is a specialty of hormones. In this course you can learn all aspects of endocrinology in alphabetical order. The format is a combination of reading material, video lectures and live sessions with prominent endocrinologists.
Course Features
- Lectures 471
- Quizzes 0
- Duration 50 hours
- Skill level All levels
- Language English
- Students 4
- Assessments Yes
Curriculum
-
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a endocrine disease that develops due to overproduction of growth hormone. It is usually caused by a benign tumour of the pituitary gland. It leads to an increase in size of the hands and feet, and a change in the appearance of the face.
-
Addison's disease
Addison's Disease is rare hormonal condition where there is deficiency of steroid hormone called CORTISOL. Addison's disease is caused when adrenal glands stop producing cortisol and other adrenal hormones which control the body’s response to stress, and balance body salt and water. If not treated promptly could lead to death.
- Addison’s Disease – Overview (clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations, treatment) (Video)
- What is Addison’s disease?
- What causes Addison’s disease?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease?
- How common is Addison’s disease?
- How is Addison’s disease diagnosed?
- How is Addison’s disease treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of Addison’s disease?
- Addisons Disease Made Simple – Primary Adrenal Faliure (Video)
-
Adult growth hormone deficiency
Adult growth hormone deficiency is a rare condition and happens when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone. Unlike Childhood growth hormone deficiency, not every one may need to be treated with growth hormone therapy.
- Adult growth hormone deficiency (Video)
- What is adult growth hormone deficiency?
- What causes adult growth hormone deficiency?
- What are the signs and symptoms of adult growth hormone deficiency?
- What are the longer-term implications of adult growth hormone deficiency?
- How is adult growth hormone deficiency diagnosed?
- How is adult growth hormone deficiency treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- Diagnosis and Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency (video)
-
Amenorrhoea
Amenorrhoea is defined as absent of ‘periods’ (menstrual cycles) in women. It can be primary amenorrhoea or secondary based on if the woman had periods in the past or not. The frequency of primary amenorrhoea is about 1% and secondary amenorrhoea is approximately 5%.
-
Carcinoid tumour
Carcinoid tumours are slow-growing Neuroendocrine tumours that arise from specialised cells which secrete hormones.
- Carcinoid tumour Serotonin (Happy Hormone) (Video)
- What is a carcinoid tumour?
- What are the signs and symptoms of a carcinoid tumour?
- How is a carcinoid tumour diagnosed?
- How is a carcinoid tumour treated?
- What are the longer-term implications of a carcinoid tumour?
- Virtual Patient Case: Carcinoid Syndrome (Video)
-
Childhood onset growth hormone deficiency
Childhood onset growth hormone deficiency is a condition where the pituitary gland fails to produce enough growth hormone during childhood. This can lead to short stature and other problems. However, with early diagnosis and treatment a child can achieve relatively normal height and development.
- What is childhood onset growth hormone deficiency?
- What causes childhood onset growth hormone deficiency?
- What are the signs and symptoms of childhood onset growth hormone deficiency?
- How is childhood onset growth hormone deficiency diagnosed?
- How is childhood onset growth hormone deficiency treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of childhood onset growth hormone deficiency?
- Growth Delay: Diagnosis & Management– Pediatric Endocrinology (Video)
- Short Stature in Children: Diagnosis & Clinical Presentation – Pediatric Endocrinology (Video)
-
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome is also called myalgic encephalopathy or post viral fatigue syndrome. This is a condition that causes long term and energy draining tiredness, which does not improve with rest or sleep. It can be confused with Fibromyalgia where muscle and joint pain can be the major symptom as supposed to fatigue.
-
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an inherited disorder that results in low levels of cortisol and high levels of male hormones causing development of male characteristics in females, and early puberty in both boys and girls.
-
Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngiomas are benign slow growing brain tumours, They are rare and commonly present above the pituitary gland, but sometimes are also found within the pituitary fossa.
-
Cushing's disease
Cushing's disease is caused by the pituitary tumour with symptoms and signs resulting from excessive amounts of the hormone cortisol.
-
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is a condition with excess steroid hormone called cortisol in the body. It can be endogenous when the body produces due to problems in the pituitary, adrenal glands or elsewhere in the body. If there is excess exposure to steroids due to medications it is called exogenous or iatrogenic.
-
Delayed puberty
Delayed puberty is defined as no secondary sexual maturation or any sign of puberty by the age of 13 years in girls and 14 years in boys. The most common cause of delayed puberty is constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP).
- What is delayed puberty?
- Delayed Puberty in Children – Pediatrics (Video)
- What causes delayed puberty?
- What are the signs and symptoms of delayed puberty?
- How is delayed puberty diagnosed?
- How is delayed puberty treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of delayed puberty?
-
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition with excess urination with increased thirst. It is also called water diabetes and happens due to reduced or absent anti diuretic hormone (ADH).
-
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other binge eating disorder are treatable eating habits which cause psychological and physical damage. Weight management with support from dietitians, psychologists and others is important for people with eating disorders.
-
Empty sella syndrome
Empty sella syndrome is diagnosed when on scanning there is absent or shrunken pituitary gland and generally no treatment is required unless there is evidence of hormone deficiencies.
-
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition when endometrium, the inner lining of the womb grows outside of the womb with scar tissue and painful periods.
-
Familial medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare thyroid cancer of C cells in Thyroid with over 80% with no family history while remaining 20% are inherited in a autosomal dominant inheritance. Familial medullary thyroid cancer is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b and familial medullary thyroid cancer.
-
Female infertility
Female infertility by definition is when a woman is unable to conceive within 12 months of regular intercourse.
-
Gastrinoma
Gastrinomas are tumours that are usually found in the first part of the small intestine or in the pancreas that produce large amounts of the hormone gastrin.
-
Gender identity disorder
Gender identity disorder is also referred to as Gender dysphoria, male to female (MtF) transsexual; female to male (FtM) transsexual; Trans man; Trans woman. In this condition the person is extremely unhappy with the gender they are born in and desire to live in their preferred gender. What are the longer-term implications of gender identity disorder? The person has to be living in the opposite gender for a minimum of 1 or 2 years, before they are eligible for gender reassignment surgery. The overall mortality is not different and hormone replacement therapy in this group is very safe.
- Gender identity disorder Owerview (Video)
- What is gender identity disorder?
- What causes gender identity disorder?
- What are the signs and symptoms of gender identity disorder?
- How is gender identity disorder diagnosed?
- How is gender identity disorder treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
-
Gigantism
Growth in children is influenced by growth hormone from the pituitary gland until the sex hormones, oestrogen in females and testosterone in males during puberty cause the epiphyseal growth plates at the ends of long bones to fuse.
-
Glucagonoma
Glucagonoma is neuroendocrine tumour from alpha cells of the pancreas producing glucagon causing skin rash and hyperglycemia. The majority of glucagonomas are sporadic and rarely as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
-
Goitre
Goitre is a general term for an enlarged thyroid gland which can be of the whole gland, otherwise referred to as smooth goitre or nodular when only portions of the gland are affected. 10% of population can have a goitre or thyroid nodule.
-
Graves' disease
Graves’ disease is autoimmune thyroid disease where the antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism. Graves's disease is five times more common in girls and affects 1% of the population.
- What is Graves’ disease?
- What causes Graves’ disease?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Graves’ disease?
- How is Graves’ disease diagnosed?
- How is Graves’ disease treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of Graves’ disease?
- Graves’ disease Overview (Video)
-
Hashimoto’s disease
Hashimoto’s disease otherwise called autoimmune thyroiditis, is the major cause for Hypothyroidism and is an autoimmune disease. There is a tendency for thyroid disease to run in families though it is not inherited. It is 10 times more common in women and affects over 10% of Indians.
-
Hirsutism
Hirsutism is the presence of excess male pattern hair growth in women and is usually caused by an imbalance of hormones referred to as PCOS. There can be psychological problems such as anxiety and depression due to cosmetic reasons.
-
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism is a disease of the adrenal glands with increased aldosterone causing salt retention and hypertension. It is also referred to Conn’s syndrome.
-
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia is the presence of abnormally high calcium levels in the blood. Hypercalcemia if untreated can cause renal failure and osteoporosis along with other complications.
-
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is very common with overactive thyroid and excess production of thyroid hormone. Though Graves Disease is not inherited, it does however run in certain families.
-
Hypocalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia is commonly caused by either vitamin D deficiency or non functioning parathyroid glands. These two hormones combined normally maintain the blood calcium level within the normal range.
-
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia is by definition low levels of sodium in the blood which can be broadly categorised as Hypovolaemic , Hypervolaemic, or Euvolaemic hyponatraemia. Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte condition particularly in the hospitalized older patients.
-
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition with hypocalcemia due to low parathyroid hormone production.
-
Hypophosphataemia
Hypophosphataemia is usually caused by hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency and phosphate levels in the blood remain low.
-
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is by definition the lack of production of pituitary hormones from either anterior or posterior pituitary gland. Hypopituitarism can be a failure of one or more hormones.
- What is hypopituitarism?
- What causes hypopituitarism?
- What are the signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism?
- How is hypopituitarism diagnosed?
- How is hypopituitarism treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of hypopituitarism?
- Hypopituitarism Pituitary Gland Overview (Video)
-
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism also called myxoedema, is a condition that develops when the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones.
-
Insulinoma
An insulinoma is an endocrine tumour in the pancreas that secretes too much excess insulin and causes hypoglycemia.
-
Klinefelter's syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome otherwise referred to as XXY syndrome is a genetic condition affecting boys and men and characterised by tall stature, reduced fertility and gynaecomastia.
- What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?
- What causes Klinefelter’s syndrome?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome?
- How common is Klinefelter’s syndrome?
- Is Klinefelter’s syndrome inherited?
- How is Klinefelter’s syndrome diagnosed?
- How is Klinefelter’s syndrome treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of Klinefelter’s syndrome?
- Klinefelter’s syndrome– Pediatric Genetics (Video)
-
Male hypogonadism
Male hypogonadism is due to deficiency of testosterone with loss of sex drive, delayed puberty, osteoporosis, and sometimes with infertility due to lack of sperm production. It can be primary hypogonadism, otherwise referred to as hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism or secondary hypogonadism also called as hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.
-
Menopause
The menopause is when menstruation stops and ovaries stop producing hormones and releasing eggs.
-
Multinodular goitre
Goitre is an enlarged thyroid gland which is referred to as Multinodular goitre when nodules are present in an enlarged thyroid.
-
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 usually has an autosomal dominant inheritance with tumours in the pituitary, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. It is also sometimes referred to as Wermer’s syndrome or MEN-1.
- What is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1?
- What causes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1?
- What are the signs and symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1?
- Is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 inherited?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 diagnosed?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1?
-
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN2a) is a rare inherited disease with tumours in the thyroid, adrenal and parathyroid glands. Medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytoma and Hyperparathyroidism are three major manifestations for MEN 2A. They are also referred to as Sipple’s syndrome.
- What is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a?
- What causes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a?
- What are the signs and symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a?
- Is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a inherited?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a diagnosed?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a?
-
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2b) is a rare inherited disease with tumours in the thyroid, adrenal and parathyroid glands. Medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytoma and Hyperparathyroidism are three major manifestations for MEN 2B with additional mucosal tumours unlike MEN 2A. They are also referred to as Sipple’s syndrome.
- What is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b?
- What causes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b?
- What are the signs and symptoms of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b?
- Is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b inherited?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 diagnosed?
- How is multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b?
-
Nelson’s syndrome
Nelson’s syndrome is a condition that develops following bilateral adrenalectomy for cushing's disease, where there is an enlargement of a pituitary gland tumour with excess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. A quarter of patients who had adrenalectomy for cushing's disease may develop this condition.
-
Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas
Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas (NETs) are tumours from neuroendocrine cells of the pancreas. These tumours are have no hormone related signs and symptoms as seen in functioning pancreatic NETs such as tumours like insulinoma, gastrinoma and others. However, they do produce those which do not cause any symptoms like pancreatic polypeptide, calcitonin or neurotensin. Their presentation is either by local symptoms from tumour or its metastases or identified incidentally on imaging.
- Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas Overview (Video)
- What are Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas?
- What causes Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas?
- What are the signs and symptoms of Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas?
- How are Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas diagnosed?
- How are Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas treated?
- What are the long term implications of Non functioning neuroendocrine tumours of pancreas?
-
Non-functioning pituitary tumours
Non-functioning pituitary tumours are the most common pituitary adenomas and usually manifest with visual field defects and hormone deficiencies.
- What is a non functioning pituitary tumours?
- What causes non-functioning pituitary tumours?
- What are the signs and symptoms of non-functioning pituitary tumours?
- How common are non functioning pituitary tumours?
- Are non-functioning pituitary tumours inherited?
- How are non-functioning pituitary tumours diagnosed?
- How are non-functioning pituitary tumours treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
-
Obesity
Obesity is defined as a BMI above 27 in Indians and above 30 for the rest. Obesity is a state of an excess calories stored in the form of fat resulting in reduced life expectancy by a decade in some.
-
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common bone condition caused by loss of bone mass with increased risk of fracture. In this condition there is reduction in both osteoid (bone matrix) and bone minerals like calcium and phosphate.
-
Paget’s disease
Paget’s disease is a bone disorder presenting mostly with pain, deformity, bone fracture or without any symptoms incidentally. Early diagnosis and treatment with medication will help to control Paget’s disease.
-
Paraganglioma
A paraganglioma is a rare type of tumour in the head, neck, chest or abdomen that arises from the nervous system that controls blood pressure. They can be referred to as a type of Extra adrenal phaeochromocytoma.
-
Phaeochromocytoma
A phaeochromocytoma is a tumour of the adrenal medulla, also referred to as chromaffin tumours or intra-adrenal paraganglioma. Phaeochromocytoma produces excess amounts of hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
- What is a phaeochromocytoma?
- What causes phaeochromocytomas?
- What are the signs and symptoms of a phaeochromocytoma?
- How common are phaeochromocytomas?
- Are phaeochromocytomas inherited?
- How is a phaeochromocytoma diagnosed?
- How is a phaeochromocytoma treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of a phaeochromocytoma?
-
Pituitary apoplexy
Pituitary apoplexy is haemorrhage or infarction in Pituitary gland usually in the presence of a pituitary tumour or after childbirth when it’s referred to as Sheehan's syndrome. Pituitary apoplexy is rare with normal pituitary gland and around 5% of pituitary tumours requiring surgery may present with pituitary apoplexy.
-
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common hormonal disorder particularly in Indian women with a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms caused by an imbalance in sex hormones. It is also referred to as Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
- What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
- What causes polycystic ovary syndrome?
- What are the signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?
- How common is polycystic ovary syndrome?
- How is polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed?
- How is polycystic ovary syndrome treated?
- What are the long term implications of polycystic ovary syndrome?
-
Prader-Willi syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic cause for obesity due to excess hunger with hormone imbances, developmental delay, learning difficulties and behavioural problems.
-
Precocious puberty
Precocious puberty is the early onset of secondary sexual characteristics before nine years in boys and eight years girls.
- What is precocious puberty?
- What causes precocious puberty?
- What are the signs and symptoms of precocious puberty?
- How common is precocious puberty?
- How is precocious puberty diagnosed?
- How is precocious puberty treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of precocious puberty?
- Precocious puberty in Children (Video)
-
Premature ovarian failure
Premature ovarian failure or early menopause refers to early menopause before the age of 40 by when periods stop.
- What is premature ovarian failure?
- What causes premature ovarian failure?
- What are the signs and symptoms of premature ovarian failure?
- How common is premature ovarian failure?
- Is premature ovarian failure inherited?
- How is premature ovarian failure diagnosed?
- How is premature ovarian failure treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
- What are the longer-term implications of premature ovarian failure?
-
Premenstrual syndrome
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a condition that affects women before the onset of monthly period causing physical and emotional distress. Symptoms usually decrease or disappear at the end of the period. Severe form of Premenstrual syndrome is sometimes referred to as premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Roughly 10% of women in the reproductive age group can suffer from this condition and half of them may have severe symptoms. There may be a genetic predisposition to developing premenstrual syndrome.
-
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism is when hypercalcemia is due to inappropriately high levels of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands. It is the third most common endocrine disorder after Diabetes and Thyroid. It has no gender preference except in post menopausal women where the prevalence is twice to that of men.
- What is primary hyperparathyroidism?
- What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?
- What are the signs and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism?
- Is primary hyperparathyroidism inherited?
- How is primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosed?
- How is primary hyperparathyroidism treated?
- Are there any side-effects to the treatment?
-
Prolactinoma
A prolactinoma is a common pituitary adenoma from lactotroph cells producing excess prolactin. It is one of the few pituitary adenomas that respond to medications without the need for surgery in majority of cases.
-
Resistance to thyroid hormone
Resistance to thyroid hormone is a rare genetic disorder presenting with varied symptoms when present with features of both an overactive and underactive thyroid. In this condition some of the body tissues fail to respond normally to thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It can be in two forms, either generalised resistance to thyroid hormone or central resistance to thyroid hormone at pituitary level. Resistance to thyroid hormone is rare, affecting men and women equally and diagnosed at any age although the blood test will be abnormal from birth.
-
Rickets
Rickets is a condition in children caused by vitamin D deficiency where there is abnormal softening of the bones due to lack of minerals and in adults it is referred to as osteomalacia.
-
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is excess parathyroid hormone due to hypocalcaemia as an attempt to control levels of calcium in the blood.
-
Sheehan's syndrome
Sheehan’s syndrome is hypopituitarism following childbirth in women with post partum haemorrhage resulting in lifelong hormone replacement.
-
Somatostatinoma
Somatostatinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours formed from specialised Delta cells in the pancreas or duodenum and produce large amounts of the hormone somatostatin.
-
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is when hypercalcaemia develops with excess production of parathyroid hormone as a result of loss in feedback controls while controlling the previous hypocalcaemic state. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism follows long term secondary hyperparathyroidism.
-
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancers are seen in less than 10% of thyroid nodules and can be different types like papillary, follicular, medullary, hurtle cell or anaplastic thyroid cancer.
-
Thyroid eye disease
Thyroid eye disease, also referred to as Graves’ ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune condition like Graves' disease, causing swelling, inflammation and sometimes visual problems. A quarter of patients with Graves' Thyrotoxicosis can develop thyroid eye disease and is more common amongst smokers with a six fold increased risk.
-
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis is caused by an excessive amount of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream irrespective of the source. Hyperthyroidism on the other hand has excess synthesis of thyroid hormone.
-
Toxic thyroid nodule
Toxic thyroid adenoma also called Plummer’s disease is when a solitary nodule in the thyroid gland causes excess thyroid hormone production.
-
TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
TSH secreting pituitary adenomas, also referred to as TSHoma, are rare pituitary macroadenomas that produce TSH and cause goitre and hyperthyroidism. TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas account for less than 1% of all pituitary adenomas.
-
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with gonadal dysgenesis and causing short stature, delayed or absent puberty and infertility.
Instructor
